Which of the following is not a risk factor for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC)?

• A. Aniline dyes
• B. Smoking
• C. Asbestos
• D. Being Male

Answer: (D)

High-grade urothelial carcinoma is strongly linked to exposures that affect the urothelium. Smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor, and occupational exposure to aromatic amines found in dyes and related industries (such as aniline dyes) is a well-established non-smoker risk. Male sex is also associated with higher incidence, so being male is considered a risk factor because men are more commonly affected.

Asbestos, on the other hand, is classic for mesothelioma and certain lung cancers, but it is not a recognized major risk factor for urothelial carcinoma. The link between asbestos and bladder cancer is weak or not consistently observed, so it is the factor among the options that does not belong as a risk factor for HGUC.